Protecting the Polar Regions From Melting Ice

Protecting the gelid Regions From Melting IceShould We Protect Environment from temper Change in The Polar Regions?Kiwoong leeThesis Statement We should protect environment from melt down ice in the Polar Regions because if the glaciers of Polar Regions keep melting, we leave alone lose the earths ecosystems.These days, foolhardy decease of nature by human being has brought ecological catastrophe. For this reason, the land has gotten many problems such as destruction of the environment. Melting ice in the Polar Regions is the most important among other problem. Many people argon not particularly concerned about melting ice in the Polar Regions because it is likewise huge. A lot of people out of apathy increase the problem that present the Polar Regions material body. Causes of melting ice in the Polar Regions argon destruction of the environment. Thus there are several phenomena like babys room and increase carbon dioxide. This situation bring bad thing that increase the temperature, rapid low-lying sneak and destroy wildlife habitats. We should protect environment from melting ice in the Polar Regions.Glacier is that polar and alpine regions of the compressed stack of them are a pertinacious time ago to move lower by gravity and weight. Ice shelf ice is made up by large chunks of ice. 10persentage of the entire welkin of ice in Antarctica are labeled as ice shelves.The present galosh condition is not good because of temper change. The Arctic is one of the regulates where conditions are changing the fastest of any climate system in the world, says Edward Blanchard-Wriggles worth, a UW doctoral student in atmospheric sciences. Current trends are so solid that it takes five geezerhood to establish a new mean (Science Teacher 16). The Arctic is melting so many animal lose their habitation because the Arctic is made up enormous masses of ice. Thus many Polar animals can move possible. However according to NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Ad ministration), North magnetic pole glaciers are melting down very quickly. They are losing their resting area so several kinds of animals is die from a drowning accident. And worldwide heating plant is also lend to the get in sea takes by melting the glaciers of Polar Regions, and inhabitants of coastal area are losing their homes. Some scientists predict the area could be largely ice drop in summer within years.In response, the Antarctica is not different from the Arctic. The Antarctica is more serious than the Arctic because Antarctica is a continent of land, surrounded by seas. Melting at the base of Antarcticas fimbul ice shelf is driven by warm surface water, as well as intermittent pulses of warmer, deeper water ( Brown 143). wherefore is melting the natural and anthropogenic factors are factors. The Earths axis of rotation is about 20.5 degrees, this is now always constant, but gradually changes to that. Earths orbit is an ellipse rather than a circle, do not schedule too. In other words, changing the amount of incoming solar energy the Earths temperature may increase did not. Anthropogenic factors are global heating. Of course not cause global warm up, environment al issues, but it is not melting because of environment pollution. Melting of glacier is caused by factors that did environmental problem. Global warming emissions from human sources of glasshouse gas such as water vapor, carbon solar rise in global temperatures is as a result. The research involves the Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers on the West Antarctic ice sheet, 2 of the five largest glaciers in Antarctica. Those two glaciers are important because they drain a large portion of the ice sheet. As they melt from below, they also gain speed, draining the ice sheet faster and contributing to sea level rise. Eventually that could lead to global sea level rise of as much as 6 feet, though that would take coulombs to thousands of years (Vince Stricherz). It is serious situation bec ause melting of Antarctica is get faster and faster. Now the Antarctica area is remaining 40persentage of the previous area.Global warming is the biggest cause of melting ice in the Polar Regions. It is kinds of environment pollution. Thus what is the global warming? It means that Earths average temperature is about 15degree in the ground to maintain controlled from solar shaft of light energy. Over the past 20 years, there were 0.5degree a rise in temperature but the mid-21st century predicts 1degree a rise in temperature. This is called global warming. The global warming generates to increase carbon dioxide. Increased carbon dioxide not only warms the climate but it also dissolves in sea water making it more acidic. The global warming has been made, as increased greenhouse gases in the air travel absorb radiant energy released to outer space. This is the greenhouse of short-wavelength, which come from outside as the greenhouse effect is long wavelength of light reflection off f rom the surface, but passage is by absorbing the light of the internal temperature. Carbon dioxide can be called as a main cause of the greenhouse gases, but Chloro Fluoro carbons, nitrogen oxides, and methane gas are also other causes of them.Due to destruction of the Antarctic ozone, global warming continues to accelerate, so that the glaciers are being melted at the high-pitched speed. Because ozone is the thing made by sunlight, the ozone density over the South or North pole is lower than other latitudes, especially circulation of atmosphere in the winter stratosphere of the southern hemisphere makes a circle around the South Pole. This circulation of atmosphere prevents the eye stratospheres air containing lots of ozone from flowing into the center of the South Pole. This phenomenon is similar to that the eye of typhoon is separated from the outside. At the air of Antarctic stratosphere separated in this way, formation of ozone shekels during winter without solar energy. Th erefore, climate changes and ecosystem is destroyed gradually.Increased carbon dioxide is one of the problems causes of melting ice in Polar Regions. Carbon dioxide has increased by 1.5ppmv all year and it seems that the rate of increase also has risen noticeably since 1980. In other words, average degree alteration of the dumbness of Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was in less than 10% before industrialization for one degree Celsius thousand years, but almost increased by 30% in two hundred years, compared before with after industrialization after 19th century. As the change of the world population, economy, technology, and social trend, it is expected that the concentration of greenhouse gases go forth be changed considerably for many years to come. According to forecast of PCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), regarding Carbon dioxide which influence mostly on the atmosphere, under a condition that the world population becomes double by 2100, and that economic re sult rate be contain 23%, seventy hundred million heaps of total carbon dioxide emissions in 1990 will increase by two hundred million tons in 2100 the concentration in the atmosphere will be more than double by 2030, more than three times by 2100. Moreover, if the carbon dioxide emissions freeze like the level of 1990s, the time when the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere is double can be postponed, but it was reported that the concentration will increase continuously for next two centuries. Due to this growth of carbon dioxide, the air temperature already increased by 0.30.6degree from 1860s to 1990s sea level also grew 1025cm. Furthermore, it was expected that this changes is getting more broad exceedingly, compared with earlier 1900. In accordance with IPCCs prediction, the air temperature will have increased by 13.5degree averagely sea level will have enceinte by 1595cm approximately from 1990 to 2100. Given that the air temperature changed in less than one degr ee for ten thousand years before industrialization, it can be said that this seriousness of the climate change caused by global warming is so big. As trade winds is getting weaker, the sea surface temperature in the middle pacific ocean near the equator is higher than the normal temperature (2327degree) so that it is known that the frequent occurrence of El Nino phenomenon is also deeply related to the enhanced greenhouse effect. Depending on whether preconditions is realized or not, there might be a change of accuracy of results but as this abnormal temperature and the growth of sea level are significant changes, numerous changes that a human-being has never experienced can be brought down by destroying the physical and ecological balance which have been retained so far.As global warming and carbon dioxide are increasing, glaciers have collapsed from every quarter. The melted ice is flowing into the ocean at transcending speed. The reason why sea level grows is that glaciers are wh ite white color reflects heat very well, so that the heat which the glaciers absorb will be decreased if the glaciers are melted. Therefore, thermal expansion happens because seawater absorbs the heat. For instance, if all of the Antarctic glaciers melted, sea level would increase by 60m. However, this old great ice wall has withstood offenses of global warming many times. Few years ago, scientists thought that the glaciers were so huge and dense that it was not too dangerous forthwith. Nevertheless, according to recent research, it can be predicted how high sea level becomes by simple calculation. The ocean will be wide with a growth of sea surface temperature for next one hundred years. If the entire world mountain glacier melted, sea level would increase more than 30cm. Thus, it is predicted that sea-level will increase by about 1m for the next one hundred years. It seems that the increase is not very noticeable, but more than one hundred million people are still living in lower than 1ms sea level altitude. Many cities should invest an astronomical expense to establish a line of shore defense.According to climate change receive scourge the Polar Regions ecosystem. Animals and microbial receive the highest damage. For example, polar bear lost their rest area as glaciers disappear. The polar bear will die out because it is getting more difficult for them to hunt prey. The microbial in Antarctica not differ because they decrease their number of an individual. If food chain is broken by environment, the Earth ecosystem will have a great damage.In conclusion, the Polar Regions is damaged their ecosystem by people out of apathy. We should protect from climate change in Polar Regions because our place to find peace is on the road to extinction. So thats problem we will solve in the future. Many people participate to protect from climate change in Polar Regions. There is some several remedy such as conserving electricity, planting a tree in order to nullify carbo n dioxide and using transportation, etc. we can protect our hands. We should have interest in this problem.Works CitedArctic sea ice (Headline Science Current tidings in Science Research)(climate change and the condition to the Arctic sea ice). Science Teacher. 78. 8. (2011)16-16. Print.Brown, Culum. Climate Change Why Antarctica is melting. Nature. 487. 7406. (2012) 143-143. Print.Melbourne-Thomas, and Andrew Constable. Etc. Testing Paradigms of Ecosystem Change Under Climate Warming in Antarctica. PLoS ONE. 8. 2. (2013)1-9 Print.Philip L. Munday, Mark I. McCormick and Nilsson Goran E. Impact of Global Warming and Rising CO2 levels on Coral Reef Fishes what hope for the future? Experimental Biology, 13 August 13 1. Web. 1 June 2014.Vince Stricherz. Tropical Sea Temperatures Influence Melting in Antarctica LexisNexis Academic. 6 June 2011 1. Web. 29 May 2014.

Foreign Policy: National Interests and Values

Foreign Policy National Interests and ValuesForeign Policy linking the encourageion of domainal interests and promotion of bailiwick set.Great Britain has lost an empire and has non yet found a role.Implicit in the introductory quotation by Ameri clear politician Dean Acheson (Hutchinson Encyclopedia, 2003) is the principle that a nation has non-homogeneous pickings in setting outside form _or_ system of government. A precursor to setting effective overseas policy is the submit to name a foreign policy dream, or a fundamental view of what the nation would uniform to accomplish in the world atomic number 18na. Two considerations in setting a foreign policy vision involve deciding if the nation should focus on promoting its values inter disciplinely or if it should focus on protecting its issue interests.This essay provide figure that foreign policy should not require a choice among protecting mooring interests and promoting subject values rather, it will demonst rate that a nation can protect its field interests and, at the same prison term, promote its values in the world atomic number 18na. Beginning with separate discussions on protecting guinea pig interests and on promoting values, the essay continues with an exploration of the linkages between promoting a nations values and protecting its national interests. Fin bothy, conclusions will be pre directed.Before embarking on an exploration of national interests and values in setting foreign policy, a works definition for the term foreign policy will be established to financial aid in framing the discussion. The land of Ireland (1996), in observing that there is no universally agreed definition of foreign policy, furnishes this succinct definition for the term the pursuit by a deposit of its interests, concerns, and values in the external environment. Foreign Policy pickup (undated, cited in Labor Law Talk, undated) offers a somewhat fuller, yet essentially supportive, definitionA foreign policy is a set of political goals that seeks to outline how a dowryicular country will interact with the other(a) countries of the world. Foreign policies generally be designed to help protect a countrys national interests, national security, ideological goals, and economic prosperity. This can occur as a result of peaceful cooperation with other nations, or finished aggression, war, and exploitation. Creating foreign policy is inveterately the job of the head of judicature and the foreign minister (or equivalent).The definition proposed by Foreign Policy magazine is accepted as the working definition in this context as it provides a more(prenominal) complete description, although the Irish definition will also be referenced.Protecting National InterestsThe working definition for foreign policy states, in part, that foreign policy is designed to help protect a countrys national interests the Irish definition states, again in part, that foreign policy is the pursuit b y a state of its interests. Each main(a) country can be anticipate to view as divers(prenominal) national interests and thus a different foreign policy focus because external policy reflects interests or concerns internal to the country pursue them, according to the Republic of Irelands White Paper on Foreign Policy (1996). Logically, then, the protection of national interests through foreign policy is the protection of internal interests. analyze the national interests of Canada and the join States, deuce closely-allied neighboring countries which are similar in many ways, provides insight into the extent to which national interests differ. Canadian foreign policy focuses on economic growth, social justice, quality of life, sovereignty and independence, peace and security, and harmonious national environment with the low three being the most important (Franks, 1997). Canadas neighbor to the south, the united States, sets foreign policy at three levels. Vital interests, whic h represent the highest level, include the physical security of American territory, the safety of American citizens, the economic well-being of American society, the protection of critical infrastructures from paralyzing attacks. Military troops may be used unilaterally and decisively to protect these vital interests. The second level includes those interests that do not affect national survival exactly do influence national well-being (e.g. protection of the global environment and commitment to allies). Finally, humanitarian and other interests, including responses to national disasters and promotion of human rights among others, are positioned at the third and lowest level (Gladkyy, 2003, citing White House, 1999). After the attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, the join States placed added emphasis on national security interests The Government of the United States has no more important mission than (1) fighting terrorism overseas and (2) securing the homeland from future terrorist attacks. (Gladkyy, 2003, citing Bush, 2001).The contrast between national interests ex runed by Canada and the United States is a stark one indeed. The expressed national interests of the United States are more reactive and could be considered to be more negative in tone than those of Canada which seem more proactive and uplifting. Interestingly, and perhaps demonstrating Canadas internal cultural attributes, three of the countrys six areas of national interest are focused on human bettermentsocial justice and quality of life, which are two of the three high anteriority interests, and a harmonious national environment. In contrast, humanitarian and other interests are relegated to the lowest priority national interests in the United States.Promoting National ValuesThe working definition for foreign policy states that foreign policy, in addition to protecting national interests as mentioned earlier, is designed to protect a countrysideological goals the Irish definition states that foreign policy, in addition to pursuing national interests, is the pursuit by a state of itsvalues in the external environment. According to Latham (2002), the term values refers to subjective views of individuals close what is worthy or important. He continues that in politics, values are views about the ends that social institutions ought to advance, and the virtues they ought to em frame. As judicature is a social institution, values are the views governments should advance and virtues they should em clay. about examples of national values include freedom, state, free economies, and human dignity (The Hutchinson Encyclopedia, 2003). In addition, some national values can be discerned from the articulation of national interests. For instance, referring to Canadas national interests, one might conclude that Canadas values include human rights, peace, and environmental harmony.National values can be promoted by various means ranging on a continuum from acti ve to passive. As an example, the United States, in promoting democracy, has used military actionthe most active meansand has modeled democratic behaviorsthe most passive means. In between these two extremes, the United States has used other approaches including diplomacy, foreign aid, international broadcasting, and even covert political manipulations. (Parapan, 2005).Linking the Promotion of National Values to the Protection of National InterestsThe thesis for this essay is that foreign policy does not have to involve a choice on the part of a nation between protecting its national interests and promoting its values in the world. A nation can do both and, conceivably, doing both effectively can enhance each one individually.A reappraisal of the literature revealed the following representative selections addressing the foreign policy linkage between protecting national interests and promoting national valuesHaass (2003) cl sustains that in the 21st century, the principal aim of A merican foreign policy is to integrate other countries and organizations into arrangements that will sustain a world consistent with U.S. interests and values for the purpose of promoting peace, prosperity, and justice as wide as possible.Abrams (2000) states a foreign policy of dominance will not only advancenational interests but will preserve peace and promote the cause of democracy and human rights.Mead (1994) states that foreign policy is based on a combination of interests and values, calling attention to the struggles associated with defining the national interest and national values and relating the two concepts in an overall foreign policy strategy.Using the term progressive internationalism, Falk (2004) summarizes a foreign policy based on four organizing ideasthat em luggage compartment a convergence of national values and interests national strength, liberal democracy, free enterprise, and world leadership.And, finally, Edel (2005) quotes U.S. President George W. Bushs s econd inaugural address in January 2005 Americas vitalinterests and our deepest beliefs are now one.Seiple (2003) cautions the United States to be uncompromising over their national values when promoting their national interests, contrasting the differences between expressed values of fair play, the use of the Golden Rule, and the cherished freedoms of religion, association, and press and American interests revolving largely around economic access and a military that, by and large, is positioned around the world to protect that access. One factor that may refine the alignment of national interests and national values in forming foreign policy is what might be considered to be an inherent conflict between the realism of national interests and the idealism of national values. Talbott (2000) expresses a contradiction between championing national interests and national values. He writes about the persistent effort to combine realism and idealism in the role the United States plays in t he world, continuing by stating that the American masses have made clear that they demand something nobler and more altruistic from their government and gird forces than the coldblooded calculus of raison detat or realpolitik in which European statecraft has often taken pride. McCraw (2003), in claiming that realism sees foreign policy as about national interests rather than promoting values, writes that this conflict explains why national governments have not been particularly identified with promoting human rights, a position that might be considered to be part of an idealistic foreign policy.The range of approaches nations can use in promoting national values as described earlier could also be applied in protecting their national interestsmodeling behaviors, diplomacy, providing foreign aid, broadcasting their messages, conducting covert political manipulations, and winning military action. For instance, a country that demonstrates democratic behavior may cause people in count ries with totalitarian governments to push for democratic reforms. This to a large extent happened as formerly Communist countries of Eastern Europe established democratic forms of government modeled afterward those in countries of Western Europe and the United States in the latter part of the twentieth century. At the other extreme, the military incursion by the United Kingdom, the United States, and others into Iraq to purportedly establish a democratic government could be viewed as an example of forcing democratic values on a sovereign nation.The case of Iraq presents an interesting twist on the national values promotionnational interest protection issue, one that shows how the two are intertwined in foreign policy. In 2003, when the coalescency of the willing invaded Iraq, the case for the incursion was based on the certainty that Saddam Hussein possessed weapons of mass destruction that could be used against other nations. This case reflected the desire to protect national i nterests, in this instance the safety of citizens. But, the invasion revealed that there were no weapons of mass destruction in Iraqno unmanned aerial vehicles, no terrorist teaching camps, no outlawed Scud missiles, no nuclear weapons program (The Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 2004). When no such weapons were found, the rationale for the invasion changed to a desire to chime in a democratic government. The case changed from one of protecting national interests to promoting values, this time by military force.If the rationalewas truly altruisticto install a democratic form of government in Iraqand the installation of such a government would help promote the stability of the region thereby ensuring the continued worldwide flow of oil (a strategical interest), then the invasion would represent an example of how the promotion of national values can be used as part of foreign policy to protect national interests. Whether the motive of installing a democratic government is true or s allude a cover for the failure to find weapons of mass destruction is not a topic for this discussion however, the efficacy of forcibly installing a democratic government is appropriate. Parapan (2005) asks a probing question After all, what is it that terrorists despise? The American values and culture, or the American insistence on imposing those on others? Parapan suggests that reform must come from within. Only time will itemise whether the new, more democratic government in Iraq will be accepted or replaced by other dictatorship or, even worse, by anarchy. Future historians will be able to compare and contrast the long-term outcomes of the popularly-installed democratic governments in Eastern Europe with the forcibly-installed democratic government in Iraq to assess which approach was more effective.ConclusionsThis essay set out to show that foreign policy should not require a choice between protecting national interests and promoting national values rather, that a nation can protect its national interests and, at the same time, promote its values in the world. This thesis was proven with the caveat that the road to achieving this typecast of foreign policy can be difficult.With a working definition of foreign policy in hand, examples of national interests of Canada and the United States were compared and contrasted and examples of national values were presented and attach to by a description of the continuum of methods countries can use in promoting their values. The definitions and discussions formed the foundation for establishing the linkage between promoting national values and protecting national interests.At the most basic level, the two definitions cited for foreign policy link the protection of national interests and promotion of national values as purposes of foreign policy. Five extracts resulting from a literature search established the linkage between national interests and national values in foreign policy development (Abrams, 2000 E del, 2005 Falk, 2004 Haass, 2003 Mead, 1994). Difficulties in linking interests and values in foreign policy were characterized as a conflict between realism and idealism (Seiple, 2003 Talbott, 2000). The approaches available to nations as they establish foreign policy that protects national interests were shown to be largely the same as those available to promote values. Examples from initiatives to establish democracies in Eastern Europe and in Iraq were compared and contrasted in the context of promoting national interests and promoting national values.In summary, nations can simultaneously protect their national interests and promote their national values through their foreign policy. Perhaps the proper promotion of national values, one that models the want values and empowers the citizens of the receiving nation to keep back their own choices, can actually enhance the protection of national interests in the country implementing its foreign policy through its stabilize effect s in other parts of the world.BibliographyAbrams, Elliott (2000). American powerfor what? Commentary, January 1, 2000(The) Atlanta Journal and Constitution (2004) Strategy Make facts fitTime confirms the fabrications and exaggerations of the Bush administrations case for invading Iraq. June 23, 2004.Bush, George W. (2001) Securing the homeland beef up the nation, 2001. Cited in Gladkyy, Oleksandr (2003), American foreign policy and U.S. relations with Russia and China after 11 September. World Affairs, June 22, 2003.Edel, Charles (2005), Picking our fights carefully. The Cincinnati Post, March 3, 2005.Falk, Richard (2004) Toward the revival of principled politics in America. American Tikkun, September 1, 2004.Foreign Policy (undated) Foreign policy. Cited in Labor Law Talk (undated), Foreign policy. Available from , undated Accessed April 14, 2005.Franks, C. E. S. (1997) White paper on foreign policy, The 1998 Canadian Encyclopedia, September 6, 1997.Gladkyy, Oleksandr (2003), Amer ican foreign policy and U.S. relations with Russia and China after 11 September. World Affairs, June 22, 2003.Haass, Richard N. (2003) Defining U.S. foreign policy in a post-post-Cold War world. DISAM Journal, January 1, 2003.(The) Hutchinson Encyclopedia (2003) Dean Acheson. From speech at the United States Military Academy at West Point, December 5, 1962. April 22, 2003.(The) Hutchinson Encyclopedia (2003) US foreign policy in a changing world. September 22, 2003.Labor Law Talk (undated), Foreign policy. Available from , undated Accessed April 14, 2005.Latham, Stephen R. (2002) National values, institutions, and health policies what do they imply for Canadian Medicare reform? Canadian-American Public Policy, November 1, 2002.McCraw, David (2003) Analysing New Zealands foreign policy David McCraw replies to criticism advanced by Michael Bassett of his depiction of New Zealands approach to foreign affairs. New Zealand International Review, November 1, 2003.Mead, Walter Russell (1994 ) guileless stars The American foreign policy tradition. World Policy Journal, December 22, 1994.Parapan, Manuela (2005) Why Arabs are anti-U.S. World and I, January 1, 2005.(The) Republic of Ireland (1996) The white paper on foreign policy Background to Irish foreign policy. Available from Accessed April 14, 2005.Seiple, Robert A. (2003) The privilege of power The US is right to oust Hussein but it must better balance national values with national interests. The Christian Science Monitor, March 10, 2003.Talbott, Strobe (2000) Self-determination in an interdependent world. Foreign Policy, March 22, 2000.The White House (1999) A national security strategy for a new century. Defense Strategy Review Page, December 1999, 1-2. Cited in Gladkyy, Oleksandr (2003), American foreign policy and U.S. relations with Russia and China after 11 September. World Affairs, June 22, 2003.Stiff The Curious Lives Of Human CadaversStiff The Curious Lives Of Human CadaversAfter reading the book Stiff I have gained a better understanding of what donating your consistency to science really means. Through my research and by reading the book, I have subsided that a person should most definitely donate his or her body to science. I believe that once a person has died, there is nothing more that the person can do with his or her body. Why not wear out yourself to science and continue to help people even after you have passed away? I personally would like to die knowing that I could potentially save the lives of millions.The first option for donating your body to science mentioned in the book is for the practice of cosmetic procedures. In the first chapter of the book, Mary Roach attends a seminar where plastic surgeons perform different cosmetic procedures on cadaver heads. The surgeons are able to practice new procedures on non-living patients before performing them on live patients. The cosmetic surgeons gain a better knowledge of human anatomy and how to perform specific procedure s. Practicing on these patients is practically easier, since the patients do not have blood that would block their view of a humans basic anatomy and facial structure. The surgeons can see eitherthing that is going on in the surgery clearly which will help them to better perform these surgeries later on. In addition to cosmetic procedures, I have learned through my research that universities often provide cadavers for medical exam students to use as a way to advance their knowledge of the human body. In an article I read, it suppose that before first-year medical students are allowed to lay their hands on the living, they must first learn the anatomy of the dead. Students are required to take by their given body and look at each section of a humans internal anatomy. Although it is possible to learn this information through high-tech simulators and body models, nothing can replace being able to see and touch a real body. This is why donating your body to science is important so that medical students will have the chance to learn from dead bodies, before operating on live ones.The third chapter of the book is set at a body farm. A body farm is a research facility where human decomposition can be studied in many different settings. At the body farm, Mary Roach sees a variety of dead bodies that are being used to study human decomposition. Each body is at a different stage of decay. Studying these bodies can help determine the time in which a person has died. In reality, this can help investigators determine the time of death of a corpse. Knowing the time of death can help solve crimes and murder investigations, an important component of forensic science. In the book, Roach mentions rainfly larvae as an important way to determine when a person has died. Forensic scientists can conclude how old the larvae on a cadaver are, and therefore decide how long the person has been dead for. Other methods of determining this can be used, such as looking at the potassi um level in a persons eyelids or studying the stage of their decay. Not only are the donated bodies at different phases of decomposition, they are also spew into different scenarios. Every time a person dies, they are not going to be in the same setting. This is why researchers at the body farm have to put cadavers in different situations. The first body Mary Roach sees at the farm is wearing sweatpants, so that examiners can study the effects of decay on bodies that are wearing clothing. During my research, I have learned that some of the other scenarios bodies have been put in include being buried, left outside, and even submerged in water. plenty die in all different settings, which is why it is important to know how a body reacts in these different environments. By donating your body to science, forensic scientists can learn the rate at which bodies decay, and therefore solve investigations later on.The fourth chapter involves the use of cadavers as collapse test dummies. Wh en a person donates his or her body to science, it is possible that he or she will be sent to a research facility where researchers study the effects of impact on the body. When car companies make new car models, it is necessary for them to test if a car provides safety to a human in the event of a crash. However, researchers cannot use nonhuman crash test dummies for these studies. Crash test dummies can tell you how much force a crash has unleashed on a body, but not how this force affects the body. Scientists need to know how much force a real body part can shroud. For these test, researchers need subjects that will provide accurate results without causing harm or pain to them. In the past, dedicated researchers have donated themselves as dummies. However, this is neither safe and causes pain to the living researchers. Cadavers are better candidates, since they are not only human, but they also feel no pain and cannot sustain injury. During this section of the book, Mary Roach visits a facility where a simulated car accident is taking place on cadaver UM 006. The results from the car accident will help the car company know if the particular model will keep a person safe if a crash were to occur. Then, they can adjust the car to provide better safety. So someday, when a live human survives an accident, he or she has UM 006 to thank.In chapter six, Mary Roach discusses cadavers who are used to understand how bullets and bombs work, and how they affect the human body. Quite often, the bodies of people who choose to donate themselves to science are sent to facilities where the main goal of research is to figure out how to better protect those who are often exposed to danger. As with most tests, researchers need subjects who give results that are realistic and accurate, and that do not feel pain. Cadavers fill these needs when it comes to testing items such as bulletproof vests, army-strength footwear, and other protective wear. To ensure that our soldiers and police officers are safe, it is essential to guarantee that their equipment is safe and will withstand whatever circumstances they may endure. To do so, investigates are conducted to test these different items. Through these tests, researchers can tell if bulletproof vests will withstand the force of a shot, if boots will withstand the effects of a roadside bomb, and if miscellaneous protective wear can handle under pressure. All of these tests are important in protecting those who give their life to protect us.In chapter seven, Mary Roach discusses a controversial experiment that many people choose to donate themselves to. These trials have wrick known as the crucifixion experiments. Throughout history, a number of scientists have been engrossed by the idea of recreating the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. Through trial and error, these scientists have each created their own theory about how Jesus was positioned on the cross and each event that took place during this time. Not only do some people choose to have their cadavers donated to this experimental process, but some actually volunteer themselves while they are still living. Although most people dont choose to take this path when donating their body, it is continuously another option that could be considered.Throughout the book, Mary Roach touches a duad of times on the subject of organ donation. I believe that organ donation is one of the most beneficial and practical means of donating yourself to science. In all other cases of donating yourself to science, your body is not used to provide direct help to others. In these cases, your body is used for studies and research that could one day hopefully help someone else. When you choose to donate your organs, you are directly giving yourself to someone else. The second you are considered dead (whether your heart has stopped beating or you have been considered brain dead) your organs are give to another person who is in need. In a sense, you are able to li ve on through another person, or at least a piece of you is. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, every eleven minutes a person is added to the time lag list to receive an organ. Seventy-five people receive an organ transplant each day. However, twenty people die every day waiting for an organ, because of the shortfall of donated organs. When one person alone decides to become an organ donor, he or she could possibly save up to eight lives. So if you dont want to join the body farm, be used as a surgical patient, or become a human crash test dummy, I believe that deciding to become an organ donor is the easiest way to save lives.The book Stiff gave me a much better understanding of what it means to donate your body to science. Making the choice to give yourself to scientific research could help an endless amount of people. After all, what are you planning to do with your body when you die? Why not give yourself to something rewarding and beneficial? If you dont want your dead body to be shot for scientific study or to receive a facelift once you have passed away, choose to become an organ donor. You could save up to eight lives, and die knowing youre going to continue to help others. One day, I will certainly choose to donate my body to science, and potentially make life better for those who are still on earth.Personal ReviewI have always enjoyed reading, and throughout the years I have read all kinds of different stories. However, I have never a book quite like Stiff. In Stiff, Mary Roach talked about a topic that most people would find repulsive and somewhat hard to even think about. Cadavers arent a usual subject when it comes to writing books. Yet, I absolutely loved it. Roach found a way to write about death in a jocose way without ever being disrespectful. Who knew reading about dead bodies could be so funny? The book was filled with interesting facts and never had a frighten off moment. Most of the time, I had trouble puttin g the book down. I could also see all the hard work and research Mary Roach put into it. She knew what she was talking about inside and out. She traveled to different countries, researched a countless number of events in history, and interviewed numerous people who were somehow related to the topic. She also mentioned every little detail about what was going on, which made it that much better. Roach never sugar coated anything. She always told everything like it was. Yet she always see the cadavers and treated them like they were still alive.After reading this book, I feel much better informed about what it means to donate your body to science. I never understood all the possibilities of what could happen to you if you made the choice to donate your cadaver. Mary Roach wrote everything on a level that I could understand without getting confused. I now feel much better prepared about deciding whether to donate my body or not. I have decided that I definitely would like to donate my body to science and make my contribution to society. I would like to be able to help others even after I have passed away. Without this book, I dont think I ever really would have considered donating my body as an option. I didnt understand what it meant or what would happen. Mary Roach persuade me to donate my body to science, and I believe others would feel the same.

Fasting and The Eucharist: Catholic Participation in the Sacrifice of C

abstain and The Eucharist Catholic Participation in the Sacrifice of ChristChrist, as the last-ditch sacrifice in Christianity, gave his own life for the benefit of others. His self-sacrifice continues to this day to be celebrated in the Catholic Mass. Through communion, or receiving the Eucharist, unmatched is fitted to actively partake of the fruits of that sacrifice. But how does one and only(a) follow saviour example? whizz surely cannot strive for the same kind of physical death that savior experienced. Thus, practice of another form of self-sacrifice becomes necessary.To eat, to nourish ones self is an act that is essential for human life. What could cause more pain in this life than to deny ones self sustenance? The practice of fasting, as one form of self-denial, can serve to bring one close set(predicate) to identifying with the sacrifice of Christ. This is especially evident when fasting is examined in relation to the Eucharist in the Catholic tradition.Bu t before we continue, a distinction must be made between two different types of self-denial. To fast, and to not eat do not constitute the same act. My own personal experience while exploring the matter of fasting has deeply colored my view of the practice of fasting. Many personal interests led me to pursue the question of fasting as a form of self-sacrifice. one(a) was my personal engagement with and interest in the Roman Catholic tradition. Another, much more personal influence is my personal relationship with nutriment for thought. To stop eating is one of the (unhealthy ways) in which I personally deal with stress or depression. In reading Caroline Bynums book on the relationship medieval women mystics had with food I was able to identify on many levels. These women, in some cases, lived for... ...5 At the request of my friend, her name has been changed, in case her mother really does get under ones skin spies everywhere.16 Nussbaum, Melissa. Your paper on fasti ng. Email to Lorena Dremel. 03/06/200317 Dugan, Kathleen M. Fasting For Life The Place of Fasting in the Christian Tradition. Journal of the American Academy of Religion. Vol. 63 Issue 3 (Fall 1995) 54718 Repohl, Roger F. Hungry Together. Commonweal. Vol. 124 Issue 3 (02/14/1997) 9-1019 Several articles includingOrsy, Ladislas. Holy Days of Obligation? Holidays of Celebration? America. Vol. 166 Issue 2 (01/18/1992-01/25/1992) 28-29.Rogers, Carole Garibaldi. Why Catholics Fast Searching for the Tradition. America. Vol. 186 Issue 6 (02/25/2002) 6-10.Sherry, Mary. Fasting? But Thats So Mortifying. America. Vol. 186 Issue 7 (03/04/2002) 21-22. Fasting and The Eucharist Catholic Participation in the Sacrifice of CFasting and The Eucharist Catholic Participation in the Sacrifice of ChristChrist, as the eventual(prenominal) sacrifice in Christianity, gave his own life for the benefit of others. His self-sacrifice continues to this day to be celebrated i n the Catholic Mass. Through communion, or receiving the Eucharist, one is able to actively partake of the fruits of that sacrifice. But how does one follow Jesus example? One surely cannot strive for the same kind of physical death that Jesus experienced. Thus, practice of another form of self-sacrifice becomes necessary.To eat, to nourish ones self is an act that is essential for human life. What could cause more pain in this life than to deny ones self sustenance? The practice of fasting, as one form of self-denial, can serve to bring one surrounding(prenominal) to identifying with the sacrifice of Christ. This is especially evident when fasting is examined in relation to the Eucharist in the Catholic tradition.But before we continue, a distinction must be made between two different types of self-denial. To fast, and to not eat do not constitute the same act. My own personal experience while exploring the division of fasting has deeply colored my view of the practice o f fasting. Many personal interests led me to pursue the question of fasting as a form of self-sacrifice. One was my personal engagement with and interest in the Roman Catholic tradition. Another, much more personal influence is my personal relationship with food. To stop eating is one of the (unhealthy ways) in which I personally deal with stress or depression. In reading Caroline Bynums book on the relationship medieval women mystics had with food I was able to identify on many levels. These women, in some cases, lived for... ...5 At the request of my friend, her name has been changed, in case her mother really does exhaust spies everywhere.16 Nussbaum, Melissa. Your paper on fasting. Email to Lorena Dremel. 03/06/200317 Dugan, Kathleen M. Fasting For Life The Place of Fasting in the Christian Tradition. Journal of the American Academy of Religion. Vol. 63 Issue 3 (Fall 1995) 54718 Repohl, Roger F. Hungry Together. Commonweal. Vol. 124 Issue 3 (02/14/1997) 9-1019 Several articles includingOrsy, Ladislas. Holy Days of Obligation? Holidays of Celebration? America. Vol. 166 Issue 2 (01/18/1992-01/25/1992) 28-29.Rogers, Carole Garibaldi. Why Catholics Fast Searching for the Tradition. America. Vol. 186 Issue 6 (02/25/2002) 6-10.Sherry, Mary. Fasting? But Thats So Mortifying. America. Vol. 186 Issue 7 (03/04/2002) 21-22.

boeing case study :: essays research papers

SummaryWilliam Boeing founded the Boeing pedigreeplane follow in early 20th century. aft(prenominal) strings of acquisition and mergers, this phoner grew and became the current largest world aerospace industry. Followed by previous reorganizations in 19990s, this friendship decided to start its branding campaign in may 2001. This campaign was consisting of practically of effort and structural changes for the first time in this corporate history. The media was showing the initial success of this campaign just after its beginning. hardly a(prenominal) days after the grand opening of the revolutionary headquarter in Chicago, which was part of campaign, the world shocked by the act of terrorism. On September 11, 2001 terrorist used this companys product as weapon of mass destruction to massacre innocent people. Four Boeing airplanes used by terrorist caused a great concern for this company about its swinging campaign. Some serious decision needed to be taken about branding proc ess.ProblemsAlthough Boeings top management considered this company as a top global brand, critics believed this company did not make adequate changes in regard to its growth, in other words, did not adapt itself to 21st century. popular was thinking of Boeing as a traditional company which does not promote its public image as other similar corporation does. Business calendar weeks survey suggested that Boeing received no rank among top best 100 companies by public in year 2000. In order to neckband up with global growth, Boeing started its branding campaign a bit too expansive and no body predicted such a disaster on septer11, 2001, which caused lots of problems for this company.GoalsBoeing moved for right track. They decided to compete with other global brands in terms of public image and goodwill. As Phil Condit, Boeing CEO and chairman, announced at Farnborough air show in 2000, this company goals are focusing on running healthy core businesses, leverage the companys strength into both new products and services, and open new frontiers. Achieving these major goals can improve Boeing public image both domestically and internationally. There are other areas of weakness existed within this company such as adaptation to new business and communication methods. Boeing must have more participation in areas of public to prove that it is seeing beyond the traditional boundaries.SolutionFor achieving its dreams, Boeing needs a total restructure and re-branding campaign. These processes require Boeing a precious plan and research. These plans can guide Boeing thorough its restructure, it can conk out the weakness areas and it can ease the whole process.

Progression of Photography Essay -- History of Photography

Photography is an affection, a craving and an addiction. It is impossible to explain wherefore people love taking photos, but once people are engaged in photography professionally, nothing will stop them. It has al agencys been a great magic and momentous secret which opens the world to the people, which makes us look at the things used to be taken for granted with special attitude, which makes us conjecture over the existing problems. Photography do-nothing truly be considered a magical act here is a little black box that can capture the images of people and wild animals, strange places, and loved ones on a rectangular piece of paper that can be viewed days and years later. This is a visual trick that never ceases to delight the members of the audience, the magician most of all (Watson 78). Photography not only depicts life but also reveals things which are usually hidden behind our indifference, business, and pursuit for money. The word photography comes from two ancient Greek words photo, for light, and graph, for drawing(The History of Photography). Drawing with light is an apt way of describing the artistic field of photography. According to a world-renowned photographer, Ansel Adams, You dont take a photograph, you develop it. Each time a photograph is made, light or some other form of radiant energy, such as x-rays, is used to record an image of an object or scene on a light-sensitive surface at a specific time point (Watson 79). In the infancy of photography these recorded images were called sun pictures or heliograph. This was because sunlight was used to create the image. Mankind has been recording images at since the cave paintings of some 20,000 years ago. With the invention of photography, a realistic image that would have ta... ...ain thereby giving you the ability to investigate with your photos in a way which was never possible with the film camera. So now most of the processing is electronic in the form of 0s and 1s as oppose to the mechanical and chemical operation in the traditional cameras. The cameras that operate based on this principle are known as digital cameras and the art of devising digital images is called digital photography.Works CitedDigital Photography. Digital - Photography - Tips. Web. 18 Feb. 2011. http//www.digital-photography-tips.net/history-of-digital-phtography-early-days.html.History of Photography. About Inventors. About.com, Web. 17 Feb. 2011. http//inventors.about.com/od/pstartinventionsa/stillphotography.html. What is Digital Photography. Make Use Of. Web. 16 Feb. 2011. www.makeuseof.com/tag/technology-explained-digital-photography/.

Identify and Discuss Examples of Good/Bad Practice in the Management of

According to the UK Association of couch Management (APM) quoted in Atkinson (1999), it has produced a UK Body of Knowledge (BoK) which provides a broad definition for project management as The planning, organisation, monitoring and control of all aspects of a project and the motivation of all involved to achieve the project objectives safely and within agreed clock, cost and carrying into action criteria.The planning of the project firstly consists of identifying and clarifying the tasks and necessary resources required for completing the project the organisation phase or scheduling then allocates how much time is needed to complete each task, and finally the monitoring tracks progress and analyses performance and caliber (Spinner, 1997). Time and cost management are both the most ordinarily used and important project management functions and are strongly linked with the level of success of the project. These are predicted during the planning phase of the latter time, cost and quality are so closely linked that they form what is called the Iron Triangle (Atkinson, 1999). This assignment will thus first shed light on the poop Bridge and Bath Thermae Spa case studies respectively, and will then be structured around three primary skill and managerial elements contained within the Project Management Body of Knowledge.According to Cramb (2008), renovating the bridge located near Edinburgh is a never-ending job due to its length, given that as soon as livelihood crews have finished renovating it, it is time to start again. In 2002, civil engineering company Balfour Beatty signed a maintenance contract of 10 million per annum for lucre Rail till the estimated end of contract in 2009 (Forth Bridges Visitor Centre Trus... ...rison, F. and Lock, D. (2004) Advanced Project Management A Structured Approach. 4th edition. Aldershot Gower makeHendrickson, C. and Au, T. (1989) Project Management for Construction Fundamental Concept for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders. 1st edition. New Jersey Prentice HallMcManus, J. (2010) Keeping projects under cost control, The rent Institute for IT Online. on tap(predicate) at http//www.bcs.org/server.php?show=conWebDoc.5912 (Accessed 01 December 2010)Spinner, M. P. (1997) Project Management Principles and Practices. London Prentice Hall InternationalThermae Bath Spa (2010) Project History. Available at http//www.thermaebathspa.com/newsandinfo/projecthistory/ (Accessed 30 November 2010)Wikipedia (2010) Forth Bridge Online Available at http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_BridgeMaintenance (Accessed 24 November 2010)

The Religious Dimension of Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe Essay

The Religious Dimension of Robinson Crusoe Robinson Crusoes discovery of the work ethic on the small island goes hand in hand with a spiritual awakening. Robinson Crusoe is not a very profound religious thinker, although religion is part of his education and transformation. He claims he reads the Bible, and he is prepared to quote it from time to time. But he doesnt puzzle over it or even get involved in the narrative or character attractions of the stories. The Bible for him appears to be something resembling a Dale Carnegie handbook of maxims to keep the work on schedule and to stifle both achievable complaints or longings for a different situation. Still, the religious dimension is central to Robinson Crusoe. Robinson Crusoes interpretation of his life links the financial succeeder directly and repeatedly with his proceeds in religious awareness. This is not an intellectual conversion but, simply put, an awareness that he has, in some ways, received Gods grace and is bene ath His care. The growing profitability of his efforts is proof of such a spiritual reward. This awareness fills him with a sense of guilt for his former life and a great believe to be relieved of that guilt. The desire to be relieved from that feeling of guilt, in fact, is much stronger than Robinson Crusoes desire to be delivered from the island. Now I looked back upon my yesteryear life with such horror, and my sins appeared so dreadful, that my soul sought nothing of God but deliverance from the load of guilt that bore down all my comfort. As for my solitary life it was nothing I did not so much as pray to be delivered from it or think of it it was all of no considerations in comparison to this and I added this part here to ... ... The inhabitants of the New World were there to be ignored, like Fridays father, used as servants, like Friday, or killed, like the cannibals. The important part of the Puritan encounter with the New World was what Robinson Crusoe shows us, the spir itual testing of the solitary Protestant spirit, a life-long ordeal in which he achieved success (or the closest thing to a manifestation of success) by stamping his will on the new land, staking out territory as his property through backbreaking toil, without any concessions to anyone or anything, least of all to the land or to its original inhabitants. That was the Puritans calling that was the reason God has placed us on this priming to put to our personal uses the material and people available, to ignore what does not fit in with such projects, and to remove quickly and ruthlessly anything that stands in our way.