Foreign Policy: National Interests and Values

Foreign Policy National Interests and ValuesForeign Policy linking the encourageion of domainal interests and promotion of bailiwick set.Great Britain has lost an empire and has non yet found a role.Implicit in the introductory quotation by Ameri clear politician Dean Acheson (Hutchinson Encyclopedia, 2003) is the principle that a nation has non-homogeneous pickings in setting outside form _or_ system of government. A precursor to setting effective overseas policy is the submit to name a foreign policy dream, or a fundamental view of what the nation would uniform to accomplish in the world atomic number 18na. Two considerations in setting a foreign policy vision involve deciding if the nation should focus on promoting its values inter disciplinely or if it should focus on protecting its issue interests.This essay provide figure that foreign policy should not require a choice among protecting mooring interests and promoting subject values rather, it will demonst rate that a nation can protect its field interests and, at the same prison term, promote its values in the world atomic number 18na. Beginning with separate discussions on protecting guinea pig interests and on promoting values, the essay continues with an exploration of the linkages between promoting a nations values and protecting its national interests. Fin bothy, conclusions will be pre directed.Before embarking on an exploration of national interests and values in setting foreign policy, a works definition for the term foreign policy will be established to financial aid in framing the discussion. The land of Ireland (1996), in observing that there is no universally agreed definition of foreign policy, furnishes this succinct definition for the term the pursuit by a deposit of its interests, concerns, and values in the external environment. Foreign Policy pickup (undated, cited in Labor Law Talk, undated) offers a somewhat fuller, yet essentially supportive, definitionA foreign policy is a set of political goals that seeks to outline how a dowryicular country will interact with the other(a) countries of the world. Foreign policies generally be designed to help protect a countrys national interests, national security, ideological goals, and economic prosperity. This can occur as a result of peaceful cooperation with other nations, or finished aggression, war, and exploitation. Creating foreign policy is inveterately the job of the head of judicature and the foreign minister (or equivalent).The definition proposed by Foreign Policy magazine is accepted as the working definition in this context as it provides a more(prenominal) complete description, although the Irish definition will also be referenced.Protecting National InterestsThe working definition for foreign policy states, in part, that foreign policy is designed to help protect a countrys national interests the Irish definition states, again in part, that foreign policy is the pursuit b y a state of its interests. Each main(a) country can be anticipate to view as divers(prenominal) national interests and thus a different foreign policy focus because external policy reflects interests or concerns internal to the country pursue them, according to the Republic of Irelands White Paper on Foreign Policy (1996). Logically, then, the protection of national interests through foreign policy is the protection of internal interests. analyze the national interests of Canada and the join States, deuce closely-allied neighboring countries which are similar in many ways, provides insight into the extent to which national interests differ. Canadian foreign policy focuses on economic growth, social justice, quality of life, sovereignty and independence, peace and security, and harmonious national environment with the low three being the most important (Franks, 1997). Canadas neighbor to the south, the united States, sets foreign policy at three levels. Vital interests, whic h represent the highest level, include the physical security of American territory, the safety of American citizens, the economic well-being of American society, the protection of critical infrastructures from paralyzing attacks. Military troops may be used unilaterally and decisively to protect these vital interests. The second level includes those interests that do not affect national survival exactly do influence national well-being (e.g. protection of the global environment and commitment to allies). Finally, humanitarian and other interests, including responses to national disasters and promotion of human rights among others, are positioned at the third and lowest level (Gladkyy, 2003, citing White House, 1999). After the attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, the join States placed added emphasis on national security interests The Government of the United States has no more important mission than (1) fighting terrorism overseas and (2) securing the homeland from future terrorist attacks. (Gladkyy, 2003, citing Bush, 2001).The contrast between national interests ex runed by Canada and the United States is a stark one indeed. The expressed national interests of the United States are more reactive and could be considered to be more negative in tone than those of Canada which seem more proactive and uplifting. Interestingly, and perhaps demonstrating Canadas internal cultural attributes, three of the countrys six areas of national interest are focused on human bettermentsocial justice and quality of life, which are two of the three high anteriority interests, and a harmonious national environment. In contrast, humanitarian and other interests are relegated to the lowest priority national interests in the United States.Promoting National ValuesThe working definition for foreign policy states that foreign policy, in addition to protecting national interests as mentioned earlier, is designed to protect a countrysideological goals the Irish definition states that foreign policy, in addition to pursuing national interests, is the pursuit by a state of itsvalues in the external environment. According to Latham (2002), the term values refers to subjective views of individuals close what is worthy or important. He continues that in politics, values are views about the ends that social institutions ought to advance, and the virtues they ought to em frame. As judicature is a social institution, values are the views governments should advance and virtues they should em clay. about examples of national values include freedom, state, free economies, and human dignity (The Hutchinson Encyclopedia, 2003). In addition, some national values can be discerned from the articulation of national interests. For instance, referring to Canadas national interests, one might conclude that Canadas values include human rights, peace, and environmental harmony.National values can be promoted by various means ranging on a continuum from acti ve to passive. As an example, the United States, in promoting democracy, has used military actionthe most active meansand has modeled democratic behaviorsthe most passive means. In between these two extremes, the United States has used other approaches including diplomacy, foreign aid, international broadcasting, and even covert political manipulations. (Parapan, 2005).Linking the Promotion of National Values to the Protection of National InterestsThe thesis for this essay is that foreign policy does not have to involve a choice on the part of a nation between protecting its national interests and promoting its values in the world. A nation can do both and, conceivably, doing both effectively can enhance each one individually.A reappraisal of the literature revealed the following representative selections addressing the foreign policy linkage between protecting national interests and promoting national valuesHaass (2003) cl sustains that in the 21st century, the principal aim of A merican foreign policy is to integrate other countries and organizations into arrangements that will sustain a world consistent with U.S. interests and values for the purpose of promoting peace, prosperity, and justice as wide as possible.Abrams (2000) states a foreign policy of dominance will not only advancenational interests but will preserve peace and promote the cause of democracy and human rights.Mead (1994) states that foreign policy is based on a combination of interests and values, calling attention to the struggles associated with defining the national interest and national values and relating the two concepts in an overall foreign policy strategy.Using the term progressive internationalism, Falk (2004) summarizes a foreign policy based on four organizing ideasthat em luggage compartment a convergence of national values and interests national strength, liberal democracy, free enterprise, and world leadership.And, finally, Edel (2005) quotes U.S. President George W. Bushs s econd inaugural address in January 2005 Americas vitalinterests and our deepest beliefs are now one.Seiple (2003) cautions the United States to be uncompromising over their national values when promoting their national interests, contrasting the differences between expressed values of fair play, the use of the Golden Rule, and the cherished freedoms of religion, association, and press and American interests revolving largely around economic access and a military that, by and large, is positioned around the world to protect that access. One factor that may refine the alignment of national interests and national values in forming foreign policy is what might be considered to be an inherent conflict between the realism of national interests and the idealism of national values. Talbott (2000) expresses a contradiction between championing national interests and national values. He writes about the persistent effort to combine realism and idealism in the role the United States plays in t he world, continuing by stating that the American masses have made clear that they demand something nobler and more altruistic from their government and gird forces than the coldblooded calculus of raison detat or realpolitik in which European statecraft has often taken pride. McCraw (2003), in claiming that realism sees foreign policy as about national interests rather than promoting values, writes that this conflict explains why national governments have not been particularly identified with promoting human rights, a position that might be considered to be part of an idealistic foreign policy.The range of approaches nations can use in promoting national values as described earlier could also be applied in protecting their national interestsmodeling behaviors, diplomacy, providing foreign aid, broadcasting their messages, conducting covert political manipulations, and winning military action. For instance, a country that demonstrates democratic behavior may cause people in count ries with totalitarian governments to push for democratic reforms. This to a large extent happened as formerly Communist countries of Eastern Europe established democratic forms of government modeled afterward those in countries of Western Europe and the United States in the latter part of the twentieth century. At the other extreme, the military incursion by the United Kingdom, the United States, and others into Iraq to purportedly establish a democratic government could be viewed as an example of forcing democratic values on a sovereign nation.The case of Iraq presents an interesting twist on the national values promotionnational interest protection issue, one that shows how the two are intertwined in foreign policy. In 2003, when the coalescency of the willing invaded Iraq, the case for the incursion was based on the certainty that Saddam Hussein possessed weapons of mass destruction that could be used against other nations. This case reflected the desire to protect national i nterests, in this instance the safety of citizens. But, the invasion revealed that there were no weapons of mass destruction in Iraqno unmanned aerial vehicles, no terrorist teaching camps, no outlawed Scud missiles, no nuclear weapons program (The Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 2004). When no such weapons were found, the rationale for the invasion changed to a desire to chime in a democratic government. The case changed from one of protecting national interests to promoting values, this time by military force.If the rationalewas truly altruisticto install a democratic form of government in Iraqand the installation of such a government would help promote the stability of the region thereby ensuring the continued worldwide flow of oil (a strategical interest), then the invasion would represent an example of how the promotion of national values can be used as part of foreign policy to protect national interests. Whether the motive of installing a democratic government is true or s allude a cover for the failure to find weapons of mass destruction is not a topic for this discussion however, the efficacy of forcibly installing a democratic government is appropriate. Parapan (2005) asks a probing question After all, what is it that terrorists despise? The American values and culture, or the American insistence on imposing those on others? Parapan suggests that reform must come from within. Only time will itemise whether the new, more democratic government in Iraq will be accepted or replaced by other dictatorship or, even worse, by anarchy. Future historians will be able to compare and contrast the long-term outcomes of the popularly-installed democratic governments in Eastern Europe with the forcibly-installed democratic government in Iraq to assess which approach was more effective.ConclusionsThis essay set out to show that foreign policy should not require a choice between protecting national interests and promoting national values rather, that a nation can protect its national interests and, at the same time, promote its values in the world. This thesis was proven with the caveat that the road to achieving this typecast of foreign policy can be difficult.With a working definition of foreign policy in hand, examples of national interests of Canada and the United States were compared and contrasted and examples of national values were presented and attach to by a description of the continuum of methods countries can use in promoting their values. The definitions and discussions formed the foundation for establishing the linkage between promoting national values and protecting national interests.At the most basic level, the two definitions cited for foreign policy link the protection of national interests and promotion of national values as purposes of foreign policy. Five extracts resulting from a literature search established the linkage between national interests and national values in foreign policy development (Abrams, 2000 E del, 2005 Falk, 2004 Haass, 2003 Mead, 1994). Difficulties in linking interests and values in foreign policy were characterized as a conflict between realism and idealism (Seiple, 2003 Talbott, 2000). The approaches available to nations as they establish foreign policy that protects national interests were shown to be largely the same as those available to promote values. Examples from initiatives to establish democracies in Eastern Europe and in Iraq were compared and contrasted in the context of promoting national interests and promoting national values.In summary, nations can simultaneously protect their national interests and promote their national values through their foreign policy. Perhaps the proper promotion of national values, one that models the want values and empowers the citizens of the receiving nation to keep back their own choices, can actually enhance the protection of national interests in the country implementing its foreign policy through its stabilize effect s in other parts of the world.BibliographyAbrams, Elliott (2000). American powerfor what? Commentary, January 1, 2000(The) Atlanta Journal and Constitution (2004) Strategy Make facts fitTime confirms the fabrications and exaggerations of the Bush administrations case for invading Iraq. June 23, 2004.Bush, George W. (2001) Securing the homeland beef up the nation, 2001. Cited in Gladkyy, Oleksandr (2003), American foreign policy and U.S. relations with Russia and China after 11 September. World Affairs, June 22, 2003.Edel, Charles (2005), Picking our fights carefully. The Cincinnati Post, March 3, 2005.Falk, Richard (2004) Toward the revival of principled politics in America. American Tikkun, September 1, 2004.Foreign Policy (undated) Foreign policy. Cited in Labor Law Talk (undated), Foreign policy. Available from , undated Accessed April 14, 2005.Franks, C. E. S. (1997) White paper on foreign policy, The 1998 Canadian Encyclopedia, September 6, 1997.Gladkyy, Oleksandr (2003), Amer ican foreign policy and U.S. relations with Russia and China after 11 September. World Affairs, June 22, 2003.Haass, Richard N. (2003) Defining U.S. foreign policy in a post-post-Cold War world. DISAM Journal, January 1, 2003.(The) Hutchinson Encyclopedia (2003) Dean Acheson. From speech at the United States Military Academy at West Point, December 5, 1962. April 22, 2003.(The) Hutchinson Encyclopedia (2003) US foreign policy in a changing world. September 22, 2003.Labor Law Talk (undated), Foreign policy. Available from , undated Accessed April 14, 2005.Latham, Stephen R. (2002) National values, institutions, and health policies what do they imply for Canadian Medicare reform? Canadian-American Public Policy, November 1, 2002.McCraw, David (2003) Analysing New Zealands foreign policy David McCraw replies to criticism advanced by Michael Bassett of his depiction of New Zealands approach to foreign affairs. New Zealand International Review, November 1, 2003.Mead, Walter Russell (1994 ) guileless stars The American foreign policy tradition. World Policy Journal, December 22, 1994.Parapan, Manuela (2005) Why Arabs are anti-U.S. World and I, January 1, 2005.(The) Republic of Ireland (1996) The white paper on foreign policy Background to Irish foreign policy. Available from Accessed April 14, 2005.Seiple, Robert A. (2003) The privilege of power The US is right to oust Hussein but it must better balance national values with national interests. The Christian Science Monitor, March 10, 2003.Talbott, Strobe (2000) Self-determination in an interdependent world. Foreign Policy, March 22, 2000.The White House (1999) A national security strategy for a new century. Defense Strategy Review Page, December 1999, 1-2. Cited in Gladkyy, Oleksandr (2003), American foreign policy and U.S. relations with Russia and China after 11 September. World Affairs, June 22, 2003.Stiff The Curious Lives Of Human CadaversStiff The Curious Lives Of Human CadaversAfter reading the book Stiff I have gained a better understanding of what donating your consistency to science really means. Through my research and by reading the book, I have subsided that a person should most definitely donate his or her body to science. I believe that once a person has died, there is nothing more that the person can do with his or her body. Why not wear out yourself to science and continue to help people even after you have passed away? I personally would like to die knowing that I could potentially save the lives of millions.The first option for donating your body to science mentioned in the book is for the practice of cosmetic procedures. In the first chapter of the book, Mary Roach attends a seminar where plastic surgeons perform different cosmetic procedures on cadaver heads. The surgeons are able to practice new procedures on non-living patients before performing them on live patients. The cosmetic surgeons gain a better knowledge of human anatomy and how to perform specific procedure s. Practicing on these patients is practically easier, since the patients do not have blood that would block their view of a humans basic anatomy and facial structure. The surgeons can see eitherthing that is going on in the surgery clearly which will help them to better perform these surgeries later on. In addition to cosmetic procedures, I have learned through my research that universities often provide cadavers for medical exam students to use as a way to advance their knowledge of the human body. In an article I read, it suppose that before first-year medical students are allowed to lay their hands on the living, they must first learn the anatomy of the dead. Students are required to take by their given body and look at each section of a humans internal anatomy. Although it is possible to learn this information through high-tech simulators and body models, nothing can replace being able to see and touch a real body. This is why donating your body to science is important so that medical students will have the chance to learn from dead bodies, before operating on live ones.The third chapter of the book is set at a body farm. A body farm is a research facility where human decomposition can be studied in many different settings. At the body farm, Mary Roach sees a variety of dead bodies that are being used to study human decomposition. Each body is at a different stage of decay. Studying these bodies can help determine the time in which a person has died. In reality, this can help investigators determine the time of death of a corpse. Knowing the time of death can help solve crimes and murder investigations, an important component of forensic science. In the book, Roach mentions rainfly larvae as an important way to determine when a person has died. Forensic scientists can conclude how old the larvae on a cadaver are, and therefore decide how long the person has been dead for. Other methods of determining this can be used, such as looking at the potassi um level in a persons eyelids or studying the stage of their decay. Not only are the donated bodies at different phases of decomposition, they are also spew into different scenarios. Every time a person dies, they are not going to be in the same setting. This is why researchers at the body farm have to put cadavers in different situations. The first body Mary Roach sees at the farm is wearing sweatpants, so that examiners can study the effects of decay on bodies that are wearing clothing. During my research, I have learned that some of the other scenarios bodies have been put in include being buried, left outside, and even submerged in water. plenty die in all different settings, which is why it is important to know how a body reacts in these different environments. By donating your body to science, forensic scientists can learn the rate at which bodies decay, and therefore solve investigations later on.The fourth chapter involves the use of cadavers as collapse test dummies. Wh en a person donates his or her body to science, it is possible that he or she will be sent to a research facility where researchers study the effects of impact on the body. When car companies make new car models, it is necessary for them to test if a car provides safety to a human in the event of a crash. However, researchers cannot use nonhuman crash test dummies for these studies. Crash test dummies can tell you how much force a crash has unleashed on a body, but not how this force affects the body. Scientists need to know how much force a real body part can shroud. For these test, researchers need subjects that will provide accurate results without causing harm or pain to them. In the past, dedicated researchers have donated themselves as dummies. However, this is neither safe and causes pain to the living researchers. Cadavers are better candidates, since they are not only human, but they also feel no pain and cannot sustain injury. During this section of the book, Mary Roach visits a facility where a simulated car accident is taking place on cadaver UM 006. The results from the car accident will help the car company know if the particular model will keep a person safe if a crash were to occur. Then, they can adjust the car to provide better safety. So someday, when a live human survives an accident, he or she has UM 006 to thank.In chapter six, Mary Roach discusses cadavers who are used to understand how bullets and bombs work, and how they affect the human body. Quite often, the bodies of people who choose to donate themselves to science are sent to facilities where the main goal of research is to figure out how to better protect those who are often exposed to danger. As with most tests, researchers need subjects who give results that are realistic and accurate, and that do not feel pain. Cadavers fill these needs when it comes to testing items such as bulletproof vests, army-strength footwear, and other protective wear. To ensure that our soldiers and police officers are safe, it is essential to guarantee that their equipment is safe and will withstand whatever circumstances they may endure. To do so, investigates are conducted to test these different items. Through these tests, researchers can tell if bulletproof vests will withstand the force of a shot, if boots will withstand the effects of a roadside bomb, and if miscellaneous protective wear can handle under pressure. All of these tests are important in protecting those who give their life to protect us.In chapter seven, Mary Roach discusses a controversial experiment that many people choose to donate themselves to. These trials have wrick known as the crucifixion experiments. Throughout history, a number of scientists have been engrossed by the idea of recreating the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. Through trial and error, these scientists have each created their own theory about how Jesus was positioned on the cross and each event that took place during this time. Not only do some people choose to have their cadavers donated to this experimental process, but some actually volunteer themselves while they are still living. Although most people dont choose to take this path when donating their body, it is continuously another option that could be considered.Throughout the book, Mary Roach touches a duad of times on the subject of organ donation. I believe that organ donation is one of the most beneficial and practical means of donating yourself to science. In all other cases of donating yourself to science, your body is not used to provide direct help to others. In these cases, your body is used for studies and research that could one day hopefully help someone else. When you choose to donate your organs, you are directly giving yourself to someone else. The second you are considered dead (whether your heart has stopped beating or you have been considered brain dead) your organs are give to another person who is in need. In a sense, you are able to li ve on through another person, or at least a piece of you is. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, every eleven minutes a person is added to the time lag list to receive an organ. Seventy-five people receive an organ transplant each day. However, twenty people die every day waiting for an organ, because of the shortfall of donated organs. When one person alone decides to become an organ donor, he or she could possibly save up to eight lives. So if you dont want to join the body farm, be used as a surgical patient, or become a human crash test dummy, I believe that deciding to become an organ donor is the easiest way to save lives.The book Stiff gave me a much better understanding of what it means to donate your body to science. Making the choice to give yourself to scientific research could help an endless amount of people. After all, what are you planning to do with your body when you die? Why not give yourself to something rewarding and beneficial? If you dont want your dead body to be shot for scientific study or to receive a facelift once you have passed away, choose to become an organ donor. You could save up to eight lives, and die knowing youre going to continue to help others. One day, I will certainly choose to donate my body to science, and potentially make life better for those who are still on earth.Personal ReviewI have always enjoyed reading, and throughout the years I have read all kinds of different stories. However, I have never a book quite like Stiff. In Stiff, Mary Roach talked about a topic that most people would find repulsive and somewhat hard to even think about. Cadavers arent a usual subject when it comes to writing books. Yet, I absolutely loved it. Roach found a way to write about death in a jocose way without ever being disrespectful. Who knew reading about dead bodies could be so funny? The book was filled with interesting facts and never had a frighten off moment. Most of the time, I had trouble puttin g the book down. I could also see all the hard work and research Mary Roach put into it. She knew what she was talking about inside and out. She traveled to different countries, researched a countless number of events in history, and interviewed numerous people who were somehow related to the topic. She also mentioned every little detail about what was going on, which made it that much better. Roach never sugar coated anything. She always told everything like it was. Yet she always see the cadavers and treated them like they were still alive.After reading this book, I feel much better informed about what it means to donate your body to science. I never understood all the possibilities of what could happen to you if you made the choice to donate your cadaver. Mary Roach wrote everything on a level that I could understand without getting confused. I now feel much better prepared about deciding whether to donate my body or not. I have decided that I definitely would like to donate my body to science and make my contribution to society. I would like to be able to help others even after I have passed away. Without this book, I dont think I ever really would have considered donating my body as an option. I didnt understand what it meant or what would happen. Mary Roach persuade me to donate my body to science, and I believe others would feel the same.